Index · Sheets C-101 to C-116
Civil construction disciplines
Civil construction is the work that shapes the ground and everything buried in it or built across it. These are the trades, in the order a site usually sees them.
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C-101
Earthworks & excavation
Stripping, bulk excavation, cut and fill, rock, compaction and the volumes that drive every estimate.
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C-102
Site servicing & land development
Water, sewer, storm and roads for new lots, and the agreements, levies and sequence that come with them.
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C-103
Underground utilities
Watermain, sanitary and storm sewer, manholes and services, from trench design to testing.
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C-104
Roadbuilding & paving
How Canadian roads are built layer by layer, and what drives paving, milling and rehabilitation costs.
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C-105
Bridges, culverts & structures
Piling, piers, girders, decks, culverts and the rehabilitation work that keeps them in service.
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C-106
Hydrovac excavation
Non-destructive digging with water and vacuum: daylighting utilities, winter work and slurry disposal.
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C-107
Trenchless & directional drilling
Horizontal directional drilling, auger boring, microtunnelling, pipe bursting and lining.
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C-108
Concrete & flatwork
Curb and gutter, sidewalks, pads and structural concrete, and the cold-weather rules that govern them.
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C-109
Demolition & site clearing
Structure demolition, hazardous-materials surveys, permits, recycling and clearing a site for new work.
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C-110
Marine construction
Wharves, piling from barges, seawalls, riprap and in-water work windows on both coasts and inland waters.
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C-111
Rail construction
Track, ballast, sidings, crossings and the access and flagging rules around live railways.
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C-112
Aggregates & gravel
Pit run, crushed gravel, base and subbase gradations, supply prices and haul economics.
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C-113
Snow & winter works
Frozen-ground excavation, ground thaw, cold-weather concrete, winter roads and snow hauling.
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C-114
Municipal infrastructure
How cities specify, tender and renew roads, pipes and ponds, and the standards each one publishes.
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C-115
Dewatering
Sumps, well points and deep wells, discharge permits and how long it takes to get an excavation dry.
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C-116
Grading, lot grading & retaining walls
Rough and final grading, lot-grading plans and certificates, land clearing and retaining walls.